[91] These pressures played a key role in the intensification of anti-Armenian persecution and met a favorable response already before 1915. [186] The genocide had catastrophic effects on the Ottoman economy; Muslims were disadvantaged by the deportation of skilled professionals and entire districts fell into famine following their farmers' deportation. [173] This strategy physically weakened the Armenians and spread disease, so much that some camps were shut down in late 1915 due to the threat of disease spreading to the Ottoman military. [238] In February 1920, after capturing Marash, Kemalist forces massacred thousands of Armenian civilians. The dispossession and exile of Armenian competitors enabled many lower-class Turks (i.e. [278] Historian Donald Bloxham recognizes that since "denial has always been accompanied by rhetoric of Armenian treachery, aggression, criminality, and territorial ambition, it actually enunciates an ongoing if latent threat of Turkish 'revenge'", threatening the security of Armenia. While in Bitlis and Trabizond 99% of the Armenian population vanished from the statistical record between 1915 and 1917, in Adana 38% were missing and the others survived in another province, or were not deported at all. [134][135] The initiation and organization was primarily carried out by civilian officials under the Ministry of the Interior rather than the Ministry of War. Hundreds of thousands of Armenians lived elsewhere, scattered throughout central and western Asia Minor. Unlike in the Hamidian massacres or Adana events, massacres were usually not committed in the Armenian villages, to avoid destruction of property or unauthorized looting. [214] Although the postwar Ottoman government passed laws mandating the return of stolen Armenian property, in practice, 90 percent of Armenians were barred from returning to their homes, especially in Eastern Asia Minor. At the orders of Talat Pasha, an estimated 800,000 to 1.2 million Armenian women, children, and elderly or infirm people were sent on death marches leading to the Syrian Desert in 1915 and 1916. [85] On 29 October 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers by launching a surprise attack on Russian ports in the Black Sea. [183] On 13 September 1915, the Ottoman parliament passed the "Temporary Law of Expropriation and Confiscation," formalizing commissions to redistribute property confiscated from Armenians[184] and excluding any possibility of their return. [269][311], Systematic killing of Armenians residing in the Ottoman Empire during WWI, hundreds of Armenian intellectuals and community leaders, denies that the deportation of Armenians was a genocide or wrongful act, Confiscation of Armenian properties in Turkey, Talat Pasha's estimates, published in 2007, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, military ally of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, 100,000 Armenians lived in Constantinople, may have at least one Armenian grandparent, have recognized and condemned the genocide, 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, officially recognize the Armenian Genocide, "The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916)", "The Implications of Turkey's Renewed War on the Kurds", "Mouradian on Dixon, 'Dark Pasts: Changing the State's Story in Turkey and Japan, "Only 9 Percent of Turks say Armenian Killings Genocide: Poll", "Armenian genocide: US recognition of Turkey's killing of 1.5 million was tangled up in decades of geopolitics", "Countries that Recognize the Armenian Genocide", Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide, "Earth, Fire, Water: or How to Make the Armenian Corpses Disappear", NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, "State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide", "Recognition of the Armenian Genocide after its Centenary: A Comparative Analysis of Changing Parliamentary Positions", "The Armenian Genocide and the Ruse of Protective Dispossession", Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings, Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers, Association for Defence of National Rights, Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial Bombings, How happy is the one who says I am a Turk, Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_Genocide&oldid=1017131989, Persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 11 April 2021, at 00:49. Will COVID hysterics ever let our children live normal lives? [132] In August 1915, deportation was extended to western Asia Minor and European Turkey; these deportees were often allowed to travel by rail. [53], Abdul Hamid attempted an unsuccessful countercoup in early 1909, supported by conservatives and some liberals who opposed the CUP's increasingly repressive governance. Privacy Notice [31] At the 1878 Congress of Berlin, the Sublime Porte (Ottoman government) agreed to carry out reforms and guarantee the physical safety of its Armenian subjects, but there was no enforcement mechanism;[32] conditions continued to worsen. In 1994, with Armenians in control of Artsakh, a cease-fire was brokered. Those who could not keep up were left to die or shot. On September 30, the Turkish military assumed control of Azerbaijan’s Air Force. [75] When parts of Eastern Thrace were reoccupied by the Ottoman Empire during the Second Balkan War in mid-1913, local Greeks, and Armenians—who had not fought against the empire—were subjected to looting and intimidation. The Turkish–Armenian War refers to a conflict in the autumn of 1920 between the First Republic of Armenia and the Turkish nationalists, following the signing of the Treaty of Sevres. In the Syrian Desert, they were dispersed into a series of concentration camps; in early 1916 another wave of massacres were ordered, leaving about 200,000 deportees alive by the end of 1916. On October 10, an elite force of some two hundred elite Turkish soldiers attacked an Armenian town, many hours after the recent humanitarian cease-fire was to have commenced. [21] The Ottoman Land Code of 1858 disadvantaged Armenians and many now had to pay double taxation both to Kurdish landlords and the Ottoman government. “Christians in Peril in Turkey,” screamed headlines from The New York Times that year. [147] Armenian men were often drowned by being tied together back-to-back before being thrown in the water, a method that was not used on women. [122][123][124] Deportation was only carried out behind the front lines, where no active rebellion existed. by David Davidian. [76] Around 150,000 Greek Orthodox from the Aegean littoral were forcibly deported in May and June 1914 by Muslim militias secretly backed by the government. That was the year that the Ottoman Turkish government began the systematic deportation, attempted conversion and ultimate killing of a million and a half Christian Armenians. [136] Perpetrators had a variety of motives, including ideology, revenge, desire for Armenian property, and careerism. Arriving convoys, having passed through the plain and approaching the Kahta highlands, would have found gorges already filled with corpses from previous convoys, in one of the deadliest areas during the genocide. [283][284][285] During the conflict, the Azerbaijani and Armenian governments regularly accused each other of plotting genocide, although these claims have been treated skeptically by observers. [136] Increasingly, the crimes were considered necessary and justified to establish a Turkish nation-state. Armenia Threatens To Use Iskander Missiles. [232][233], In September 1918, recognizing that the empire had lost the war militarily, Talat Pasha emphasized his completion of the most important war aim: "transforming Turkey to a nation-state in Anatolia". [146] Thousands of Armenians were killed near Lake Hazar, pushed by paramilitary units off the cliffs into valleys from which the only escape was into the lake. [61][62][63], The 1912 First Balkan War resulted in the loss of almost all of the empire's European territory[64] and the mass expulsion of Muslims from the Balkans. [176] At the beginning of 1916 some 500,000 deportees were alive. Category:Turkish–Armenian War - Wikipedia. [133], Overall, national, regional, and local levels of governance, as well as power-brokers in the party, government, and army, cooperated willingly in the perpetration of genocide. [100] Any local incident or discovery of arms in the possession of Armenians was cited as evidence for a coordinated conspiracy against the empire. Scattered among these ancient mountains are the debris of Syrian mercenaries, Israeli drones, Turkish helicopters and Russian bombs, all exploding out into an unpredictable regional war. [131] In Talat's words, the purpose of the deportations was the "definitive solution to the Armenian Question". And then another kind of headline: “Turkish Official Denies Atrocities.”. [239] Between 1922 and 1929, the Turkish authorities eliminated surviving Armenians from southern Turkey, expelling thousands to French-mandate Syria. [58][59][60] On 8 February 1914, under heavy international pressure, the CUP agreed to the 1914 Armenian reforms, which were never implemented due to World War I. All of Western Armenia is given to Turkey; Rest of Armenia is Sovietized; Battle of Mountainous Armenia (1921) Mountainous Armenia Russian SFSR Turkey Azerbaijan SSR: Victory. [193], The genocide reduced the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire by 90 percent. [54] When news of the countercoup reached Adana, armed Muslims attacked the Armenian quarter and Armenians returned fire. [44] One faction of the Young Turks was the secret and revolutionary Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), based in Salonica, from which the charismatic conspirator Mehmed Talat (later Talat Pasha) emerged as a leading member. [222] The court ruled that "the crime of mass murder" of Armenians was "organized and carried out by the top leaders of CUP". Armenia claims a Turkish F-16 shot down an Armenian fighter jet, though officials from Azerbaijan and Turkey have denied that. [234] Remaining CUP cadres organized the Turkish nationalist movement to fight against both native Christian minorities and foreign powers. [3] By late 1915, the CUP had extinguished Armenian existence from eastern Asia Minor. [202] Witness testimony was published in books such as The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire (1916) and Ambassador Morgenthau's Story (1918), which raised public awareness about the genocide and influenced later historiography. [187], Confiscated Armenian properties formed much of the basis of the Republic of Turkey's economy, endowing it with capital. Do Not Sell My Personal Information. Armenian soldiers in the Ottoman Army were disarmed pursuant to a February order, and were later killed. [154] Some Armenians were allowed to convert to Islam and evade deportation, but where their numbers exceeded the 5 to 10 percent threshold, or where there was a risk of their being able to preserve their nationality and culture, the regime insisted on their physical destruction. We've received your submission. [81][82], In August 1914, CUP representatives went to a Dashnak conference demanding that, in the event of war with Russia, the Dashnaktsutyun incite Russian Armenians to intervene on the Ottoman side. The war was an invasion of Armenia by Turkish forces, the battles were all between Turkish and Armenian armed units. [298] The first feature film about the Armenian Genocide, Ravished Armenia, was released in 1919 as a fundraiser for Near East Relief, based on the account of survivor Aurora Mardiganian, who played herself. The Armenian Genocide resulted in the destruction of more than two millennia of Armenian civilization in eastern Asia Minor. It was with Turkey’s funding, munitions and guidance that Azerbaijan attacked Artsakh on Sept. 27, 2020. Historian Hans-Lukas Kieser concludes that by agreeing to the treaty, the international community implicitly sanctioned the Armenian Genocide. [254], According to historian Margaret Lavinia Anderson, the Armenian Genocide reached an "iconic status" as "the apex of horrors conceivable" prior to World War II. [119] On 23 May, he ordered the deportation of the entire Armenian millet to Deir ez-Zor, beginning with the northeastern provinces. [98][99] Claims of Armenian revolts deflected blame for the Ottoman military's failures, especially Sarikamish. [155] Young women and girls were often appropriated as house servants or sex slaves. [271] Many Kurds, however, who themselves have suffered political repression in Turkey, have recognized and condemned the genocide. [94] Beginning in early 1915, the Armenian soldiers in labor battalions were systematically executed, although many skilled workers were spared until 1916. Other rotting corpses became stuck to the riverbanks, while some traveled as far as the Persian Gulf. Turkey closed its borders with Armenia, imposed the blockade and dreaded the possibility of military intervention in support of Azerbaijan, but the pro-Armenia Russian threat dampened the Turkish action. [29], Abdul Hamid suspended the 1876 Constitution of the Ottoman Empire the following year after parliamentarians criticized his handling of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. [14] In the nineteenth century, a few urban Armenians became extremely wealthy through their connections to Europe as the Greek War of Independence raised doubt over the loyalty of Greek Orthodox subjects. [65] Ottoman Muslim society was incensed by the atrocities committed against Balkan Muslims, intensifying anti-Christian sentiment and leading to a desire for revenge. [118][121] Deportation amounted to a death sentence; the authorities planned for and intended the death of the deportees. [103] Historian Ronald Grigor Suny states, "Deportations ostensibly taken for military reasons rapidly radicalized monstrously into an opportunity to rid Anatolia once and for all of those peoples perceived to be an imminent existential threat to the future of the empire. [108][109] During the siege, Armenians in surrounding villages were massacred at Cevdet's orders. This story has been shared 384,062 times. When war in Artsakh erupted, I had the responsibility of setting the foundations of peace talks. [145][142], More than 500,000 Armenians passed through the Firincilar plain south of Malatya. [304] There are also thousands of eyewitness accounts from Western missionaries and Armenian survivors. [268] Most Turkish citizens support the state's policies of denial,[269][270] and the word "Armenian" has become one of the worst insults in the Turkish language. [107] The governor, Cevdet Bey, ordered the Armenians of Van to hand over their arms on 18 April, creating a dilemma for the Armenians: If they obeyed, they expected to be killed, but if they refused, it would provide a pretext for massacres elsewhere. The Turkish–Armenian war (Armenian: Թուրք-հայկական պատերազմ) known in Turkey as the Eastern Operation or Eastern Front (Turkish: Doğu Cephesi) of the Turkish War of Independence, refers to a conflict in the autumn of 1920 between the First Republic of Armenia and the Turkish nationalists, following the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres. [122] A loosely organized, Armenian-led resistance network based in Aleppo succeeded in helping many deportees, saving Armenian lives. [39] Many Armenian villages were forcibly converted to Islam. Your California Privacy Rights [197][198] Talat Pasha's estimates, published in 2007, gave an incomplete total of 924,158; officials' notes suggest increasing this number by 30 percent. So many bodies floated down the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that they sometimes blocked the rivers and needed to be cleared with explosives. Armenian, Turkish and soldiers of other ethnic groups suffered tremendously because of the reckless decisions of the Young Turk junta to enter World War I … [2][196] Historians estimate that 800,000 to 1.2 million Armenians were deported. [210] Following the genocide, remaining Armenians organized a coordinated effort known as vorpahavak (lit. [222][224] Prosecution was hampered by a widespread belief among Turkish Muslims that the actions against the Armenians were not punishable crimes. In the decades that followed, Turkey continued to deny the Armenian Genocide. How Team Trump is fighting China's ploys to control the UN, This story has been shared 483,372 times. [211] Armenian leaders abandoned traditional patrilineality to classify these children as Armenian. When no girls remained, mothers would give their lives to protect at least one male descendant. [10] Most Armenians were grouped together into a semi-autonomous community (millet), led by the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople. Ottoman leaders took isolated indications of Armenian resistance as evidence of a nonexistent widespread conspiracy. Toynbee. He was forced to reinstate the 1876 constitution and restore parliament, which was celebrated by Ottomans of all ethnicities and religions. [48][49] Abdul Hamid failed to quell the rebellion, and the capitol was threatened by invasion by military units controlled by CUP-supporting officers in Macedonia. [291] In late 2019, in the wake of the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, both houses of United States Congress voted to officially recognize the Armenian Genocide, soon thereafter passing sanctions against Turkey. [95], Minister of War Enver Pasha took over command of the Ottoman armies for the invasion of Russian territory, and tried to encircle the Russian Caucasus Army at the Battle of Sarikamish, fought from December 1914 to January 1915. [185] Confiscated property was often used to fund the deportation of Armenians and resettlement of Muslims, as well as for army, militia, and other government spending. Do Not Sell My Personal Information, Your California Privacy Rights [289][290] From the 1970s onwards, many countries avoided recognition to preserve good relations with Turkey. In the Republic of Turkey, about 100,000 Armenians lived in Constantinople and another 200,000 lived in the provinces, largely women who had been forcibly converted or married and adopted children. As Armenians were sent to slaughter like lambs, the Turkish government was gaslighting America and the world, unveiling a policy of systematically denying the Armenian Genocide that continues to this day. [208] Between 1915 and 1930, Near East Relief raised $110 million ($1.7 billion adjusted for inflation) for refugees from the Ottoman Empire. [162] Deportees were displayed naked in Damascus and sold as sex slaves in some areas, constituting an important source of income for accompanying gendarmes. [225], On 31 March 1923, the nationalist movement passed a law granting immunity to CUP war criminals. [165] There were 25 concentration camps in Syria and Upper Mesopotamia. Lemkin recognized the fate of the Armenians as one of the main cases of genocide in the twentieth century. [160] Military commanders told their men to "do to [the women] whatever you wish", resulting in widespread rapes. [301] More than 200 memorials have been erected in 32 countries to commemorate the event. Some areas with a very low Armenian population and some cities were partially spared from deportation. Terms of Use [55] Between 20,000 and 25,000 people, mostly Armenians, were killed in Adana and nearby towns. [223] Eighteen perpetrators were sentenced to death, of whom only three were ultimately executed as the remainder had fled and were tried in absentia. Turkish-Armenian War was a war in which East Turkey tried to take the territory of Armenia (that was still shaken by the war with Azerbaijan). The Armenian-Azerbaijani war continues raging in the South Caucasus. [172] By October 1915, some 870,000 deportees had reached Syria and Upper Mesopotamia. 384,062, This story has been shared 181,454 times. This order, intended to eliminate the Armenian leadership and anyone capable of organizing resistance, resulted in the torture and eventually murder of most of those arrested, who were forced to confess to a nonexistent Armenian conspiracy against the empire. [27] The Ottoman state bore ultimate responsibility for the killings,[40] whose purpose was violently restoring the previous social order in which Christians would unquestionably accept Muslim supremacy,[41][42] and forcing Armenians to emigrate, thereby decreasing their numbers. [189][191][192] Confiscation of Armenian assets continued into the second half of the twentieth century. [134][139] The government decreed that any Muslim who harbored an Armenian against the will of the authorities would be executed. [57] Although the massacres went unpunished, the Dashnaktsutyun continued to hope that reforms to improve security and restore lands were forthcoming, until late 1912, when they broke with the CUP and appealed to the European powers. [45] Although skeptical of a growing, exclusionary Turkish nationalism in the Young Turk movement, the Dashnaktsutyun decided to ally with the CUP in December 1907. [88] During the Ottoman invasion of Russian and Persian territory, the Special Organization massacred local Armenians and Syriac Christians. [177] After hearing from German politicians that they expected surviving Armenians to be allowed to return home after the war, Talat Pasha ordered a second wave of massacres in early 1916. [279], On 24 April 1965, the fiftieth anniversary of the genocide, a hundred thousand Armenians protested in Yerevan and other Armenians demonstrated across the world in favor of recognition of the genocide and annexing land from Turkey. [221][222] Indictments focused on the crimes of "deportation and murder", which implicated all cabinet ministers, the army, and the CUP. [137] Dutch historian Uğur Ümit Üngör argues that "the involvement of seasoned criminals and militiamen hardened in years of (low-intensity) conflict in the Balkans, accounts for the cruelty of the genocide". Model brain-damaged after eating pretzel awarded $29.5M, Man in hospital with COVID after being fully vaccinated, Prince Philip's dying wish granted as he passes away at Windsor Castle: source, Woman gets COVID 3 weeks after Johnson & Johnson vaccine, NYC BLM leader blasts movement co-founder for million-dollar property binge. And not just between those two sides. Its minority protection provisions had no enforcement mechanism and were disregarded in practice. [144] Execution sites were chosen for proximity to major roads and for rugged terrain, lakes, wells, or cisterns to facilitate the concealment or disposal of corpses. [299][300] The paintings of Armenian-American Arshile Gorky, a seminal figure of Abstract Expressionism, were influenced by his experience of the genocide. [159] The CUP permitted marriage of Armenian females into Muslim households, as these women were forced to convert to Islam and would lose their Armenian identity. [77][78][79] This ethnic cleansing campaign, brought to an end in exchange for Greece's promise to remain neutral in the upcoming war,[80] has been described by historian Taner Akçam as "a trial run for the Armenian Genocide". 483,372, This story has been shared 384,062 times. East Turkey intended to take over the territories of Azerbaijan and West Turkey after taking Armenia, however as its military campaigns in Armenia failed none of this had continuation. [257] In Germany, the Nazis viewed Kemalist Turkey as a post-genocidal paradise and, according to historian Stefan Ihrig, "incorporated the Armenian Genocide, its 'lessons', tactics, and 'benefits', into their own worldview". The presence of Armenians in Asia Minor has been documented since the sixth century BCE, more than a millennium before Turkish incursion and presence. [286][287] Vicken Cheterian argues that the "unresolved historic legacy of the 1915 genocide" helped cause the Karabakh conflict and prevent its resolution, while "the ultimate crime itself continues to serve simultaneously as a model and as a threat, as well as a source of existential fear". [209], As the British army advanced in 1917 and 1918 northwards through the Levant, they liberated around 100,000 to 150,000 Armenians working for the Ottoman military under absymbal conditions, not including those forcibly converted and held captive by Arab tribes. As a gesture of solidarity — and a promise for the future — Azerbaijan’s senior ally Turkey had closed its border with Armenia. [167] Intentional, state-sponsored killing of Armenians mostly ceased by the end of January 1917, although sporadic massacres and starvation continued to kill. By 1925, people in 49 countries were organizing "Golden Rule Sundays" during which they consumed the diet of Armenian refugees, to raise money for humanitarian efforts. That is how the war started. [258], No Turkish government has acknowledged that a crime was committed against the Armenian people[260][261][262] and all major political parties in Turkey except the Peoples' Democratic Party support Armenian Genocide denial.
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