Cent mille hommes, criblés d'obus et de mitraille, Cent mille hommes, couchés sur un champ de bataille, Tombés pour leur pays par leur mort agrandi, Comme on tombe à Fleurus, comme on tombe à Lodi, Cent mille ardents soldats, héros et non victimes, Morts dans un tourbil Subscribe to RSS feed; Newsletter. Voir plus d'idées sur le thème ecrivain francais, ecrivain, litterature. For me she underwent exile. C'est l'haleine De la nuit. Hugo, who was still banished from France, was unable to attend her funeral in Villequier where their daughter Léopoldine was buried. Huitième problème avec la poésie : il y a les poèmes visuels⦠et sonores. Archives par mot-clé : calligramme Billets, faire poème(s), rapports texte-image. Sometimes he would even toss in coffee or soot to get the effects he wanted. Hugo later titled himself as a viscount, and it was as "Vicomte Victor Hugo" that he was appointed a peer of France on 13 April 1845. Let those who have loved me respect her. [39], After 1872, Hugo never lost his antipathy towards the Catholic Church. La rime masculine : elle se termine par une consonne. After leaving France, Hugo lived in Brussels briefly in 1851, and then moved to the Channel Islands, first to Jersey (1852–1855) and then to the smaller island of Guernsey in 1855, where he stayed until Napoleon III's fall from power in 1870. In 1877, aged 75, he wrote, "I am not one of these sweet-tempered old men. De là tous les secrets et profonds déchirements de l'homme quand l'amour s'introduit dans la vie. Dans la rumeur des ceintures de mer... » Paul Valéry, La Jeune Parque. The Hague, between about Wednesday, 13 & about Monday, 18 December 1882", "Mercredi 23 juillet – 20h – Opéra Berlioz / Le Corum", "Victor Hugo's House in Pasaia – European Romanticisms in Association", "Caodaism: A Vietnamese-centred religion", http://www.miniweb.com.br/Literatura/Artigos/imagens/victor_hugo/face_oculta.pdf, Guernsey's Victor Hugo International Music Festival, Study of Victor Hugo for 'Le panorama du siècle', (Panorama of the Century), Translation of The legend of Victor Hugo by Paul Lafargue, The Century Was Two Years Old : Victor Hugo, The Hunchback of Notre Dame: Topsy Turvy Games, Disney's Animated Storybook: The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Les Misérables: Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&oldid=998422761, 19th-century French dramatists and playwrights, Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy, Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Members of the National Legislative Assembly of the French Second Republic, Writers who illustrated their own writing, CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with KULTURNAV identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Léonore identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Calligramme; Culture; P; Contact [Samedi poésie] Victor Hugo - Souvenir de la nuit du 4 23 Janvier 2016, 11:40am | Publié par Matthieu Ledoré. Pieuvre avec les initiales V.H., ("Octopus with the initials V.H. [41], Yet he believed in life after death and prayed every single morning and night, convinced as he wrote in The Man Who Laughs that "Thanksgiving has wings and flies to its right destination. Victor Hugo lyrics met vertalingen: Demain, dès l'aube, Melancholia, Sur une barricade, L’enfant, Les Djinns, Elle avait pris ce pli..., La conscience Reperes Pratiques: Precis De Francais - Langue Et Litterature | Bourdereau F., Fozza J.-C., Giovacchini M.D. Victor Hugo The Mother Watching Her Child Eating (La mere contemplant son petit qui mangeait) Undated Jacopo Negretti (Palma Il Giovane) ... Calligramme 1916/1959 Tristan Tzara Postcard to Dr. Th. Outside France, his most famous works are the novels Les Misérables, 1862, and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (French: Notre-Dame de Paris), 1831. It also initially published only the first part of the novel ("Fantine"), which was launched simultaneously in major cities. Il sâagit dâun écrit, un poème dont la disposition des mots prend la forme dâun dessin. Hugo is considered to be one of the greatest and best-known French writers. Hugo, who had been a Member of the Chamber of Peers since April, avoided condemnation whereas his mistress had to spend two months in prison and six in a convent. When one of the authors dies, the rights should totally be granted back to the other, the people". Hugo was acutely aware of the quality of the novel, as evidenced in a letter he wrote to his publisher, Albert Lacroix, on 23 March 1862, "My conviction is that this book is going to be one of the peaks, if not the crowning point of my work. [58] Le Matin published a slightly different version, "Here is the battle between day and night. from all traditions, such as the Chinese classics or the Vedas. Les romans les plus connus de Victor Hugo sont "Notre-Dame de Paris" (1831) et"Les Miserables" (1862). 1er janvier. Lisez le TOP 10 des citations de Victor Hugo … [45], Two famous musicians of the 19th century were friends of Hugo: Hector Berlioz and Franz Liszt. 30. vers le passé tournant un œil d'envie, Victor Hugo Victor Hugo nació el 26 de febrero de 1802 en Besançon. Jeho bratři byli Abel Joseph Hugo (nar. We rise up first of all by exercising our imagination, albeit through our âcaprichosâ (whims or fantasies) or âdisparatesâ (follies) as Goya said. :bulletred: Intro : Les Djinns, comme tout calligramme, n'est pas destiné à devenir une forme classique puisque la forme est adaptée au fond. La infancia de Victor Hugo transcurrió en Besançon, salvo dos años (1811-1812) en que residió con su familia en Madrid, donde su padre había sido nombrado comandante general. Hänen tunnetuimmat teoksensa ovat Pariisin Notre-Dame (1831) ja Kurjat (1862).. Victor Hugo oli myös innokas ihmisoikeuksien puolustaja, vaikkakin hänen poliittiset aatteensa … Nous le déshabillions en silence. [19] Thereafter, he became increasingly involved in French politics. Within a brief period, he suffered a mild stroke, his daughter Adèle was interned in an insane asylum, and his two sons died. Hiding in a chapel at the back of the garden, was Victor Fanneau de La Horie, who had conspired to restore the Bourbons and had been condemned to death a few years earlier. Après la visite contée de lâexposition "Fortuny, un Espagnol à Venise", chaque participant sera invité à réaliser un calligramme inspiré dâune robe ou dâun objet de Mariano Fortuny. Le calligramme est une forme poétique qui existe depuis l'Antiquité mais reste peu employée jusqu'à la publication par Guillaume Apollinaire d'un recueil intitulé Calligrammes en 1918. Il est alors remarqué par le roi Louis XVIII qui lui verse une pension. 04/12/2012 Serge Martin Laisser un commentaire. À Alexandre D. 4. [22], After coming in contact with Victor Schœlcher, a writer who fought for the abolition of slavery and French colonialism in the Caribbean, he started strongly campaigning against slavery. However, in Pauvert's published archives, he states strongly that "any work of art has two authors: the people who confusingly feel something, a creator who translates these feelings, and the people again who consecrate his vision of that feeling. « D’hymnes d’hommes comblés des dons du juste éther, Îles ! [12] Hernani announced the arrival of French romanticism: performed at the Comédie-Française, it was greeted with several nights of rioting as romantics and traditionalists clashed over the play's deliberate disregard for neo-classical rules. In 1849, he broke with the conservatives when he gave a noted speech calling for the end of misery and poverty. Un calligramme est un poème dont la disposition sur la page forme un dessin. The London and North Western Railway named a 'Prince of Wales' Class 4-6-0 No 1134 after Hugo. Les calligrammes ont été créés : Durant l’antiquité Au moyen-âge Au XXème siècle 4. Originally pursued as a casual hobby, drawing became more important to Hugo shortly before his exile when he made the decision to stop writing to devote himself to politics. Poème d’amitié Victor Hugo Une collection de poèmes d’amitié de Victor Hugo. Dans la plaine Naît un bruit. The paraders marched for six hours past Hugo as he sat at the window at his house. Hugo regnes blant de fremste representantene for romantikken i Frankrike, men mange av verkene hans har klare realistiske trekk, og hans lyrikk … B. In France, Hugo is renowned for his poetry collections, such as Les Contemplations (The Contemplations) and La Légende des siècles (The Legend of the Ages). I am still exasperated and violent. I wish to be buried in their hearse. 2. [1], Since Hugo's father was an officer in Napoleon's army, the family moved frequently from posting to posting, Sophie had three children in four years. Exclamation Mark! Hugo's eldest and favourite daughter, Léopoldine, died aged 19 in 1843, shortly after her marriage to Charles Vacquerie. Paul Verlaine Regret Dire Magick Wisdom Couple French Authors Texts. Paul Eluard. Victor Hugo (Besançon, Francia, 1802 - París, 1885) Poeta, dramaturgo y novelista francés considerado el máximo exponente del Romanticismo en su país. Elle n'est pas assez grande pour le … Louis Aragon âLa Tour Parleâ (p. 17 dossier) 5. The precocious passion and eloquence of Hugo's early work brought success and fame at an early age. He was honoured by interment in the Panthéon. Sans que rien ici-bas puisse m'en consoler, Murs, ville Et port, Asile De mort, Mer grise Où brise La brise Tout dort. Hugo, Victor, Choses vues 1870–1885, Gallimard, 1972. [57] Letters addressed to the author were from then on labelled "To Mister Victor Hugo, In his avenue, Paris". Sophie found out that Leopold had been living in secret with an Englishwoman called Catherine Thomas. Victor Marie Hugo fr: [v i k t ɔ ʀ m a ʀ i y g o], Wiktor Hugo (ur. He was confident that he would be offered the dictatorship, as shown by the notes he kept at the time: "Dictatorship is a crime. Homophones are frequent: Seins (Breasts) becomes Saint; Poële (Stove) actually refers to Poils (Pubic hair). [17] One of the effects of the novel was to shame the City of Paris into restoring the much-neglected Cathedral of Notre Dame, which was attracting thousands of tourists who had read the popular novel. The Hugo family came from Nancy in Lorraine where Victor Hugo's grandfather was a wood merchant. A bust of Hugo stands near the entrance of the Old Summer Palace in Beijing. "[31] Yet he made a point of offering his support to members of the Commune subjected to brutal repression. Portrait de Victor Hugo par Nadar. In a letter to American abolitionist Maria Weston Chapman, on 6 July 1851, Hugo wrote: Slavery in the United States! An apocryphal tale[16] about the shortest correspondence in history is said to have been between Hugo and his publisher Hurst and Blackett in 1862. Il poursuit des études littéraires à l'université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich. Because of his concern for the rights of artists and copyright, he was a founding member of the Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale, which led to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. Quoi donc ! Remarkably, not only Hugo's literary production has been the source of inspiration for musical works, but also his political writings have received attention from musicians and have been adapted to music. Although he had requested a pauper's funeral he was awarded a state funeral by decree of President Jules Grévy. Drawing became his exclusive creative outlet between 1848 and 1851. Today, the novel remains his most well-known work. Although Napoleon III proclaimed a general amnesty in 1859, under which Hugo could have safely returned to France, the author stayed in exile, only returning when Napoleon III was forced from power as a result of the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. In June 1821 Sophie Trebuchet died, and Léopold married his long time mistress Catherine Thomas a month later. 1. He also composed or published some of his best work during his period in Guernsey, including Les Misérables, and three widely praised collections of poetry (Les Châtiments, 1853; Les Contemplations, 1856; and La Légende des siècles, 1859). He left his children a note reading as follows : "J.D. Il fuit, s'élance, : mardi 5 janvier 2021. [32] This caused so much uproar that in the evening a mob of fifty to sixty men attempted to force their way into the writer's house shouting "Death to Victor Hugo! He became a mentor to Victor and his brothers. jazzy57 23/06/2015 14:26. Calligramme âSalut Parisâ Apollinaire (p. 15 dossier) 3. Simone L.V. Découvrez vos propres épingles sur Pinterest et enregistrez-les. This page was last edited on 5 January 2021, at 09:00. Though regarded in France as one of that country’s greatest poets, he is better known abroad for such novels as Notre-Dame de Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862). She wrote some 20,000 letters in which she expressed her passion or vented her jealousy on her womanizing lover. Exemple : They also reported from a reliable source that at one point in the night he had whispered the following Alexandrin, "En moi c’est le combat du jour et de la nuit" – "In me, this is the battle between day and night". She is my widow." If he added t.n. ", Hugo & American Anti-Slavery Society 1860, "Victor Hugo's diary tells how Parisians dined on zoo animals", "Bicentenaire de Victor Hugo (1802–2002) – Sénat, French Government", "Vincent van Gogh to Theo van Gogh. The death left her father devastated; Hugo was travelling at the time, in the south of France, when he first learned about Léopoldine's death from a newspaper that he read in a café.[61]. Malheureusement en hiver Nous manquons de chaleur, Même les cœurs sont froids. [10] Victor moved in with his mother 18 rue des Petits-Augustins the following year and began attending law school. Les Contemplations and La Légende … 2020 - Coloriage decouverte de la poesie le cygne par rene francois [43], Although Hugo's many talents did not include exceptional musical ability, he nevertheless had a great impact on the music world through the inspiration that his works provided for composers of the 19th and 20th century. Il perd sa fille Léopoldine en 1845 et semble chercher dans la politique un apaisement à sa douleur. [48]", Well over one thousand musical compositions have been inspired by Hugo's works from the 19th century until the present day. These parliamentary speeches are published in Œuvres complètes: actes et paroles I : avant l'exil, 1841–1851. From 1830 to 1837 Adèle had an affair with Charles-Augustin Sainte Beuve, a reviewer and writer.[60]. Hugo, Victor, Choses vues, 1870–1885, Gallimard, 1972. The latter played Beethoven in Hugo's home, and Hugo joked in a letter to a friend that, thanks to Liszt's piano lessons, he learned how to play a favourite song on the piano – with only one finger. Hugo decided to live in exile after Napoleon III's coup d'état at the end of 1851. Hugo suffered a mild stroke on 27 June 1878. Où je l'ai vue ouvrir son aile et s'envoler! Liste des citations de Victor Hugo classées par thématique. [63] Je regarde toujours ce moment de ma vie It is reported that Hugo often drew with his left hand or without looking at the page, or during Spiritist séances, to access his unconscious mind, a concept only later popularised by Sigmund Freud. [45] Although for various reasons the opera closed soon after its fifth performance and is little known today, it has enjoyed a modern revival, both in a piano/song concert version by Liszt at the Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux 2007[46] and in a full orchestral version presented in July 2008 at Le Festival de Radio France et Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon. One of his most book is 'Les Miserables' Enregistrée par Patricia Pilcher. Victor Marie Hugo was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement. Hugo worked only on paper, and on a small scale; usually in dark brown or black pen-and-ink wash, sometimes with touches of white, and rarely with colour. Nicht nur war der Vater als hoher Militär häufig abwesend, auch die Mutter … [24] Hugo agreed to diffuse and sell one of his best known drawings, "Le Pendu", an homage to John Brown, so one could "keep alive in souls the memory of this liberator of our black brothers, of this heroic martyr John Brown, who died for Christ just as Christ". Hugo var en engasjert politiker og ble valgt inn i både grunnlovsforsamlingen og … Additionally, Hugo's beautiful poems have attracted an exceptional amount of interest from musicians, and numerous melodies have been based on his poetry by composers such as Berlioz, Bizet, Fauré, Franck, Lalo, Liszt, Massenet, Saint-Saëns, Rachmaninoff, and Wagner.[49]. British Railways perpetuated this memorial, naming Class 92 Electric Unit 92001 after him. The initials S.B. Though a committed royalist when he was young, Hugo's views changed as the decades passed, and he became a passionate supporter of republicanism serving in politics as both deputy and senator. Victor Hugo (1802-1885) Oceano nox Oh ! [3], In 1810 Hugo's father was created Count Hugo de Cogolludo y Sigüenza by then King of Spain Joseph Bonaparte,[4] though it seems that the Spanish title was not legally recognized in France. J'étais froid comme les marbres ; Je marchais à pas distraits ; Je parlais des fleurs, des arbres Son Åil semblait dire: " Après ? In Les Misérables, he calls the huntsman's chorus in Weber's Euryanthe, "perhaps the most beautiful piece of music ever composed". In October 1807 the family rejoined Leopold, now Colonel Hugo, Governor of the province of Avellino. In 1817 he wrote a poem for a competition organised by l’Academie Française, for which he received an honorable mention. The United States must renounce slavery, or they must renounce liberty. [20] Because then the elements (of history) become unleashed. Hugo kept his artwork out of the public eye, fearing it would overshadow his literary work. [44] He also greatly admired Beethoven, and rather unusually for his time, he also appreciated works by composers from earlier centuries such as Palestrina and Monteverdi. L'accompagnement pédagogique fait l'historique du calligramme, depuis les idéogrammes chinois jusqu'à la poésie contemporaine, en passant par les Djinns de Victor Hugo. Marchers stretched from the Avenue d'Eylau, where the author was living, down the Champs-Élysées, and all the way to the centre of Paris. Tous droits réservés, Ce site est géré sous Die Kindheit der Brüder war sehr unruhig. Claude Gueux, a documentary short story about a real-life murderer who had been executed in France, appeared in 1834 and was later considered by Hugo himself to be a precursor to his great work on social injustice, Les Misérables. Vincent van Gogh ascribed the saying "Religions pass away, but God remains", actually by Jules Michelet, to Hugo. I leave 50,000 francs to the poor. In 1871, after the death of his son Charles, Hugo took custody of his grandchildren Jeanne and Georges-Victor. [25].mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, Only one slave on Earth is enough to dishonour the freedom of all men. On 28 August 1824, the couple's second child, Léopoldine was born, followed by Charles on 4 November 1826, François-Victor on 28 October 1828, and Adèle on 28 July 1830. Hugo produced more than 4,000 drawings. Szellemi formálódására hatással volt királypárti meggyőződésű édesanyja és tábornok apja, aki Napóleon … Victor Hugo Écouter, né le 26 février 1802 à Besançon et mort le 22 mai 1885 à Paris, est un poète, dramaturge et prosateur romantique considéré comme l’un des plus importants écrivains de … Victor Hugo's first mature work of fiction was first published in February 1829 by Charles Gosselin without the author's name and reflected the acute social conscience that would infuse his later work. From Victor Hugo to Eisenstein and beyond, uprisings are often compared to hurricanes or to great, surging waves. His work touched upon most of the political and social issues and the artistic trends of his time. [62] There Hugo rented a house for her near Hauteville House, his family home. [49], Hugo's novels, as well as his plays, have been a great source of inspiration for musicians, stirring them to create not only opera and ballet but musical theatre such as Notre-Dame de Paris and the ever-popular Les Misérables, London West End's longest running musical. In Havana, Cuba, there is a park named after him. Her young husband died trying to save her. The Congress, of which Hugo was the President, proved to be an international success, attracting such famous philosophers as Frederic Bastiat, Charles Gilpin, Richard Cobden, and Henry Richard. Media in category "French-language poetry" The following 8 files are in this category, out of 8 total. 1800).. Doba dětství Viktora Huga byla poznamenána politickými zvraty. I do declare I will die a fanatic patriot".[59]. A group of French academicians, particularly Étienne de Jouy, were fighting against the "romantic evolution" and had managed to delay Victor Hugo's election. Hugo counted 740 attacks on Les Misérables in the Catholic press. Les Misérables proved popular enough with the masses that the issues it highlighted were soon on the agenda of the National Assembly of France. Roland Barthes La Tour Eiffel (extract, p. 19 dossier) Visit : Eiffel Tower (practicing âreadingâa monument as a text) Session 2 . "), 1866. He felt the Church was indifferent to the plight of the working class under the oppression of the monarchy. Victor Hugo byl třetím synem Josepha Léopolda Sigisberta Huga a Sophie Trébuchetové.Narodil se v roce 1802 v Besançonu a žil ve Francii po většinu svého života. Henri Meschonnic, (1982, p. 299) Deux métaphores parcourent le commentaire sur la poésie depuis les origines. The book was well received, perhaps due to the previous success of Les Misérables. D'un nain qui saute C'est le galop. The Avenue Victor-Hugo| in the 16th arrondissement of Paris bears Hugo's name and links the Place de l'Étoile to the vicinity of the Bois de Boulogne by way of the Place Victor-Hugo. "[28] His influence was credited in the removal of the death penalty from the constitutions of Geneva, Portugal, and Colombia. Victor Hugo. Paris, fierté de la nation. He queried the reaction to the work by sending a single-character telegram to his publisher, asking .mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}?. Le logis était propre, humble, paisible, honnête ; On voyait un rameau bénit sur un portrait. I demand a prayer to all souls. Hugo, Victor, Choses vues, 1870–1885, Gallimard, 1972, p. 353. Poème de Paul Verlaine (1844 - 1896) Motivational Quotes Inspirational Quotes Phrases Motivation Inspiration Authors French Songs Reading So True. Petri Liukkonen. "[2] Hugo believed himself to have been conceived on 24 June 1801, which is the origin of Jean Valjean's prisoner number 24601. Câest le poète français Guillaume Apollinaire qui est à lâorigine du mot calligramme, formé par la contraction de « calligraphie » (art de bien écrire) et dâidéogramme (symbole graphique représentant un mot où une idée, comme les hiéroglyphes égyptiens ou les caractères chinois) Après avoir observé quelques exemple de calligrammes, les élèves se sont regroupés par deux et ont choisi un mot parmi ceux que lâon avait déposés dans la bouteille de la séance 1. Installments of the book sold out within hours and had enormous impact on French society. La voix plus haute Semble un grelot. (toute nue) he meant she stripped naked in front of him. Ce genre poétique a surtout été utilisé au début du XX ème siècle, notamment par le poète français Guillaume Apollinaire, qui est d’ailleurs le créateur du mot "calligramme", mot qui signifie : "belle" (calli) et … Both a graphomaniac and erotomaniac, he systematically reported his casual affairs using his own code, as Samuel Pepys did, to make sure they would remain secret. Hugo also worked with composer Louise Bertin, writing the libretto for her 1836 opera La Esmeralda, which was based on the character in The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Your prayer knows its way better than you do". [8], In 1811 the family joined their father in Spain, Victor and his brothers were sent to school in Madrid at the Real Colegio de San Antonio de Abad while Sophie returned to Paris on her own, now officially separated from her husband. 2014 - Cette épingle a été découverte par ghislaine. When Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) seized complete power in 1851, establishing an anti-parliamentary constitution, Hugo openly declared him a traitor to France. Uden for Frankrig er Hugo mest kendt for sine romaner, der er blevet iscenesat utallige gange på film, teater, musicals og tegnefilm. Victor Hugo (født 26. februar 1802 i Besançon, Frankrig, død 22. maj 1885 i Paris) var en fransk forfatter, far til Charles og François Victor Hugo. Ce genre poétique a surtout été utilisé au début du XXème siècle, notamment par le poète français Guillaume Apollinaire, qui est dâailleurs le créateur du mot "calligramme", mot qui signifie : "belle" (calli) et "représentation, écriture" (gramme). L’agencement des rimes A. Les rimes plates sont des rimes qui se suivent par deux (AABB). Hugo, Victor, Choses vues, Gallimard, 1972, Peace Congress, 2d, Paris, 1849. The youngest son of Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1774–1828) a general in the Napoleonic army, and Sophie Trébuchet (1772–1821); the couple had two more sons: Abel Joseph (1798–1855) and Eugène (1800–1837). Victor Hugo est né le 26 Février 1802 à Besancon en France. je ne l'ai plus ! He would not hesitate to use his children's stencils, ink blots, puddles and stains, lace impressions, "pliage" or folding (e.g.
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