[83] In an exception to the United States' support for Iraq, in exchange for Iran using its influence to help free western hostages in Lebanon, the United States secretly sold Iran some limited supplies (in Ayatollah Rafsanjani's postwar interview, he stated that during the period when Iran was succeeding, for a short time the United States supported Iran, then shortly after began helping Iraq again). [181] Many Kurdish civilians fled to Iran. [268] A medical analysis of the effects of Iraqi mustard gas is described in a U.S. military textbook and contrasted effects of World War I gas. [104] Iraq created multiple static defense lines to bleed the Iranians through sheer size. The Iraqi Air Force was replenished with Soviet, Chinese, and French fighter jets and attack/transport helicopters. Tomasz Młodzianowski, tłumacz polskich utworów religijnych na język perski. When informed of this plot, Saddam ordered the execution of dozens of his army's officers, and in a sign of reconciliation, expelled from Iraq Ruhollah Khomeini, an exiled leader of clerical opposition to the Shah. [86] 141 Iranians were killed during the battle.[123]. Iraq launched a full-scale invasion of Iran on 22 September 1980. [146], At first, Saddam attempted to ensure that the Iraqi population suffered from the war as little as possible. The marshes negated Iraqi advantage in armor, and absorbed artillery rounds and bombs. [86] From 1983 onwards, a campaign of increasingly brutal repression was started against the Iraqi Kurds, characterised by Israeli historian Efraim Karsh as having "assumed genocidal proportions" by 1988. [273] This war also saw the only confirmed air-to-air helicopter battles in history with the Iraqi Mi-25s flying against Iranian AH-1J SeaCobras (supplied by the United States before the Iranian Revolution) on several separate occasions. [111]:264 One of the most successful Iraqi tactics was the "one-two punch" attack using chemical weapons. Bloomsbury Academic, 2015. [164] Both missiles hit the ship, and one exploded in crew quarters, killing 37 sailors and wounding 21. They also continued to carry out a naval blockade of Iraq, although its effects were mitigated by Iraqi use of ports in friendly neighbouring Arab countries. USA. Saperów Karpackich i szkołę powszechną dla 70 polskich sierot (w maju 1944 nastąpiła ewakuacja sióstr i dzieci do brytyjskiej Afryki). In addition, many junior officers were promoted to generals, resulting in the army being more integrated as a part of the regime by the war's end, as it is today. [86] Khomeini's statement was widely received as a call to overthrow the Gulf monarchies. [278][279] The Iranians repeated this accomplishment on 24 April 1981, destroying two Mi-25s without incurring losses to themselves. Seeing this, Iraq used their Mi-25 helicopters, along with Gazelle helicopters armed with Euromissile HOT, against columns of Iranian mechanised infantry and tanks. [119] Iran launched dozens of "human wave assaults". [83] In all, Iraq launched 520 Scuds and al-Husseins against Iran and Iran fired 177 in return. Wątpiąc w sens tej interwencji wstąpił w szeregi „Braci Wybrzeża” (Les freres de la cote) – organizacji zrzeszającej korsarzy i bukanierów. [104], On 25 December 1986, Iran launched Operation Karbala-4 (Karbala referring to Hussein ibn Ali's Battle of Karbala). Konflikt USA-Iran. The final claim tally was 10 SeaCobras and 6 Mi-25s destroyed. [83][137][175], In March 1988, the Iranians carried out Operation Dawn 10, Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas 2, and Operation Zafar 7 in Iraqi Kurdistan with the aim of capturing the Darbandikhan Dam and the power plant at Lake Dukan, which supplied Iraq with much of its electricity and water, as well as the city of Suleimaniya. Posłami zazwyczaj bywali polscy Ormianie, znający dobrze Orient i wschodnie języki. [117] The town of Bostan was retaken from Iraqi divisions by 7 December. [111]:261 The first known chemical weapons attack by Iraq on Iran probably took place during the fighting around Susangerd.[112]. This arms-for-hostages agreement turned into a major scandal. Po upadku Rzeczypospolitej i po nieudanych powstaniach fala polskich emigrantów licznie docierała na Bliski Wschód, nie tylko do Turcji, ale i do Persji. [83][84][118], In June 1981, street battles broke out between the Revolutionary Guard and the left-wing Mujaheddin e-Khalq (MEK), continuing for several days and killing hundreds on both sides. Od maja 1963 odprawiał on co niedzielę mszę świętą z kazaniem dla Polaków, zorganizował też opiekę nad polskim cmentarzem w Teheranie, gdzie znajdują się groby 2000 osób. [152], Faced with their recent defeats in al-Faw and Mehran, Iraq appeared to be losing the war. Po I wojnie światowej przez Persję wróciła do kraju część Polaków, którzy opuścili Rosję w czasie rewolucji. [279] Both sides, especially Iraq, also carried out air and missile attacks against population centres. [86], By 1987, Iranian morale had begun to crumble, reflected in the failure of government campaigns to recruit "martyrs" for the front. [71], With the ceasefire in place, and UN peacekeepers monitoring the border, Iran and Iraq sent their representatives to Geneva, Switzerland, to negotiate a peace agreement on the terms of the ceasefire. [75] Cities on both sides had also been considerably damaged. Wojna USA-Iran to konflikt na miarę współczesności: hybrydowy, nieregularny, skomplikowany – bez jasnego początku. [181][196], At the war's conclusion, it took several weeks for the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran to evacuate Iraqi territory to honor pre-war international borders set by the 1975 Algiers Agreement. Inanc, G. (2008). [83] The Iranians attacked the vital oil-producing Majnoon Island by landing troops via helicopters onto the islands and severing the communication lines between Amareh and Basra. [25]:171 They also largely relied on Mi-24 Hind to "hunt" the Iranian troops in the marshes,[83] and at least 20,000 Iranians were killed in the marsh battles. The American government claimed that Vincennes was in international waters at the time (which was later proven to be untrue), that the Airbus A300 had been mistaken for an Iranian F-14 Tomcat, and that Vincennes feared that she was under attack. Amerykanie mogą, o ile zrealizuje się czarny scenariusz, sprawdzić nasze deklaracje. [156] Iran brought 150,000–200,000 total troops into the battles. [203] Shortly after the end of the war, it was thought that Iran suffered even more than a million dead. Besides the United States and the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia also sold weapons to both countries for the entire duration of the conflict. [156] Civilian areas were also hit, resulting in many casualties. Ninety members of the al-Hakim family, an influential family of Shia clerics whose leading members were the émigrés Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim and Abdul Aziz al-Hakim, were arrested, and 6 were hanged. [282], The relationship between these two nations has warmed immensely since the downfall of Saddam Hussein, but mostly out of pragmatic interest. Prior to the attack, Iranian commandos on helicopters had landed behind Iraqi lines and destroyed Iraqi artillery. To enforce payment, Iraq was put under a complete international embargo, which further strained the Iraqi economy and pushed its external debt to private and public sectors to more than $500 billion by the end of Saddam's rule. [119] The Iranians would also reinforce the infiltrating forces with new units to keep up their momentum. Assessing Israeli Capabilities to Destroy Iranian Nuclear Facilities", "Hind in Foreign Service / Hind Upgrades / Mi-28 Havoc", "Iran–Iraq War, 30 YEARS LATER: FROM FOES TO ALLIES WITH U.S. Iran responded by launching 14 Scud missiles for the first time, purchased from Libya. [146], On 16 July, Iran tried again further north and managed to push the Iraqis back. "[111]:260 Syria's closure of the Kirkuk–Baniyas pipeline left Iraq with the pipeline to Turkey as the only means of exporting oil, along with transporting oil by tanker truck to the port of Aqaba in Jordan. Once he was impeached and the competition ended, the performance of the Iranian military improved. [104], At a cabinet meeting in Baghdad, Minister of Health Riyadh Ibrahim Hussein suggested that Saddam could step down temporarily as a way of easing Iran towards a ceasefire, and then afterwards would come back to power. A rapprochement with Iran, of course, must await at a minimum Iran's abandonment of hegemonic aspirations in the Gulf. [25]:119, 198–199 The Soviet Union hoped to use the threat of reducing arms supplies to Iraq as leverage for forming a Soviet-Iranian alliance.[25]:197. [citation needed], On 20 July, the UN Security Council passed the U.S.-sponsored Resolution 598, which called for an end to the fighting and a return to pre-war boundaries. The relatively small numbers and the inevitable disputes over actual kill numbers makes it unclear if one gunship had a real technical superiority over the other. Pentagon nie rezygnuje z militarnego rozwiązania „problemu irańskiego”. The Iranian air force would henceforth fight on the defensive, trying to deter the Iraqis rather than engaging them. Antoni Aleksander Iliński, generał wojsk tureckich (Iskander pasza). [67] This includes 33,430 civilians, mostly women and children. Some Iranian warships attacked tankers with ship-to-ship missiles, while others used their radars to guide land-based anti-ship missiles to their targets. [83] By this time, most of the Khuzestan province had been recaptured. (مرکز مطالعات و تحقیقات جنگ), Learn how and when to remove this template message, United Nations Security Council Resolution 598, United Nations Iran–Iraq Military Observer Group, United Nations Security Council Resolution 619, Iraqi invasion of Iran (1980) § Border conflicts leading to war, Anglo-Ottoman Convention of Constantinople, Supreme Council of the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran, International aid to combatants in the Iran–Iraq War, chemical and biological warfare technology, French support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War, Italian support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war, Among the other arms suppliers and supporters, United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War, Oil Platforms case (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners, List of Iranian commanders in the Iran–Iraq War, A City Under Siege: Tales of the Iran–Iraq War, List of modern conflicts in the Middle East, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51848/Abolhasan-Bani-Sadr, Memoires of Afghan volunteers in Iran-Iraq war published (tehrantimes.com), “Mohsen, the Japanese” chronicles life of Afghan volunteer fighter in Iran-Iraq war (tehrantimes.com), "Iraq Breaks Ties with Libya over Support for Iran", "Iran-Pakistan Relations: Political and Strategic Dimensions", "SUDANESE BRIGADES COULD PROVIDE KEY AID FOR IRAQ; Military Analysis (The New York Times)", "Iraq-Iran war becoming Arab-Persian war? w 1993 (minister spraw zagranicznych Ali Akbar Welajati), 2003, 2004 (minister spraw zagranicznych Kamal Charrazi), 2016 (minister spraw zagranicznych Mohammad Dżawad Zarif), 2016 (wiceprezydent Iranu i szef Organizacji Energii Atomowej Iranu Ali Akbar Salehi, który spotkał się z prezydentem Andrzejem Dudą). [86], The failure of the human wave attacks in earlier years had prompted Iran to develop a better working relationship between the Army and the Revolutionary Guard[86] and to mould the Revolutionary Guard units into a more conventional fighting force. [187], On 17 April 1988, Iraq launched Operation Ramadan Mubarak (Blessed Ramadan), a surprise attack against the 15,000 Basij troops on the al-Faw peninsula. [111]:250–251 After the end of these battles, the MEK gradually leaned towards Saddam, completely taking his side by the mid-1980s. The Iranians had withdrawn their remaining soldiers to Khuzestan in fear of a new Iraqi invasion attempt, allowing the Mujahedeen to advance rapidly towards Kermanshah, seizing Qasr-e Shirin, Sarpol-e Zahab, Kerend-e Gharb, and Islamabad-e-Gharb. Turkey's export market jumped from $220 million in 1981 to $2 billion in 1985, making up 25% of Turkey's overall exports. An estimated 200,000 fresh troops had arrived at the front by November, many of them ideologically committed volunteers. Wojna USA-Iran? [86]:9 The Iranians used a combined force of regular army artillery with small groups of armor, supported by Pasdaran (IRGC) and Basij infantry. Among the other arms suppliers and supporters of Iran's Islamic Revolution, the major ones were Libya, Syria, and China. [citation needed], Iran did not have the money to purchase arms to the same extent as Iraq did.
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